Antimicrobial Peptides: Promising Alternatives to Antibiotics in Aquaculture

Abstract

The increasing global demand for sustainable protein has intensified aquaculture production, leading to excessive antibiotic use and a corresponding rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This threatens aquatic animal health, ecosystem stability, and public health, prompting the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to implement a five-year plan (2021–2025) to reduce antibiotic use in animal agriculture. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), naturally occurring oligopeptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory properties, have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics in aquaculture. This review explores the potential of AMPs in aquatic animal health management, focusing on their sources, classifications, and mechanisms of action against key pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. It also evaluates *in vitro* and *in vivo* studies assessing AMP efficacy, toxicity profiles, and their impact on non-target organisms. Additionally, we examine innovative strategies to improve AMP stability, bioavailability, and cost-effectiveness for practical aquaculture applications. A critical aspect discussed is the role of AMPs in mitigating antibiotic resistance, reducing environmental contamination, and promoting sustainable disease management. Despite their potential, challenges such as high production costs, variability in effectiveness, and regulatory concerns must be addressed. Future research should focus on enhancing AMP specificity, optimizing large-scale production, and assessing long-term ecological impacts. By advancing AMP-based strategies, the aquaculture industry can reduce antibiotic dependence, improve aquatic animal health, and contribute to global food security while ensuring environmental sustainability. This review provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders aiming to integrate AMPs into sustainable aquaculture practices.