Advancing Aquaculture Genetics through Omics Technologies: A Review

Abstract

Aquaculture plays a pivotal role in meeting global food demands, contributing 59% of the 223.2 million tonnes of fisheries and aquaculture production in 2022. The integration of omics technologies, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics has revolutionized aquaculture genetics, enabling comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanisms governing fish growth, disease resistance, and environmental adaptability. This review explores the application of these omics disciplines in advancing aquaculture research and production. Genomics facilitates genome sequencing and genetic marker identification, enhancing selective breeding and disease resistance through techniques like QTL mapping and CRISPR/Cas9. Transcriptomics reveals gene expression profiles, elucidating responses to environmental stressors and phenotypic plasticity. Proteomics provides a detailed understanding of protein dynamics, aiding in biomarker discovery and food quality assessment. Metabolomics uncovers metabolic pathways and biomarkers, offering insights into fish health and nutrition under varying conditions. Integrated multi-omics approaches, despite challenges like limited genomic data, promise a holistic understanding of fish physiology, paving the way for sustainable aquaculture practices and improved global food security.