Mycoflora associated with dried Labeo rohita marketed in Jammu, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India

Abstract

Dried fish is a widely consumed food product and is highly susceptible to fungal contamination during drying, storage, and marketing. The present study investigated the seasonal diversity and distribution of fungi associated with dried Labeo rohita marketed in Jammu, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India, over a one-year period (January–December). A total of 28 fungal species belonging to 12 genera were isolated and identified. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Mucor, and Rhizopus were the dominant genera. Several species, including Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. expansum, and Fusarium moniliforme, were detected throughout the year, indicating strong ecological adaptability. Pronounced seasonal variation in fungal diversity and abundance was observed, with the highest fungal load during summer and monsoon months and a marked decline during winter. Many of the dominant fungi are known producers of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, and trichothecenes, indicating a potential food safety risk. These findings emphasize the influence of climatic conditions on fungal contamination and highlight the need for improved drying, storage, and routine monitoring to ensure the safety and quality of dried L. rohita.