Study of Nesting and Breeding Ecology of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)

Abstract

The House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), a common member of the Passeridae family, is a synanthropic bird experiencing a sharp population decline across many parts of India, particularly in rapidly urbanizing and semi-urban regions. Increased construction, habitat destruction, and pollution have adversely affected its nesting and feeding opportunities. This study examined the breeding and nesting patterns of House Sparrows in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, over six months from April to September 2025. Systematic field surveys and observations were conducted to evaluate the influence of anthropogenic environments on nesting preferences and breeding success. A total of 37 active nests containing 168 eggs were recorded across different breeding stages. Of these, 29 nests (78.38%) were successful, producing at least one fledgling, while 8 nests (21.62%) failed. Overall breeding success in the study area was 78%. Among the 168 eggs laid, 139 (82.74%) hatched, and 119 nestlings (85.61% of hatched eggs) successfully fledged. Both male and female sparrows participated in incubation, with females contributing 68% of incubation activity. Behavioural observations were conducted three times daily i.e. morning, evening, and night, using the scan sampling method, and data were analysed through tables and percentages.